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NEW ITEMS:

Theoretical Foundation and Pillars of the Dynamic Steady State Universe (PDF) --- The first complete presentation of all four postulates of DSSU theory. A powerful paper that resolves the cause-of-causes paradox, explains the non-independent nature of time, and reveals the 'supreme advantage'. It includes a concise comparison with standard cosmology focusing on real-world viability.

Space Flow Equations and Expansion-Contraction Rates (PDF) ---This paper explores the mathematical aspects of the two space postulates of DSSU theory —and uncovers some profound consequences.

The Aether Experiments and the Impact on Cosmology ---The aether has been detected at least 6 times in recent history. Its most recent re-discovery, in 2001, led to the long-sought causal mechanism of gravity ----a discovery, which in turn, is revolutionizing cosmology.

Michelson-Morley and the Story of the Aether Theory Richard Milton's analysis of the historical details involving the misrepresentation, bias and cover-up that hampered the Aether theory.

The History of the Aether Theory ---The historic development of the aether as a scientific theory of space itself. What started as the "fifth element" of Antiquity becomes molded by theoretical constraints and experimental evidence into the dual-dynamic quantum foam ---the Essence of the Universe.
 

The Large Scale Structure of the Dynamic Steady State Universe (PDF)  (Chapter 1 of DSSU Manuscript) --- The postulates and implications of regional space expansion and contraction.

Cosmic-Scale Structural Features Explained (PDF) (Chapter 2 of DSSU Manuscript) ---The Spacing of Clusters ---Sheets of Galaxies ---Supernodes ---Right-angled Walls of Galaxies.

(PUBLICATION PENDING)
Cause of Galaxy Rotation and Aspects of Galaxy Motion
(The consequences of cosmic bubbles of expanding space)
 

An Open Letter to the Scientific Community
(Published in New Scientist, May 22, 2004)

The big bang today relies on a growing number of hypothetical entities, things that we have never observed-- inflation, dark matter and dark energy are the most prominent examples. Without them, there would be a fatal contradiction between the observations made by astronomers and the predictions of the big bang theory. In no other field of physics would this continual recourse to new hypothetical objects be accepted as a way of bridging the gap between theory and observation. It would, at the least, raise serious questions about the validity of the underlying theory. ... continues ...

A devastating Declaration of opposition to Big Bang cosmology signed by more than 400 Researchers.

For the full text click on:
CosmologyStatement.org

© Copyright 2005-2008 by
Conrad Ranzan
and
 DSSU Research

All Rights Reserved
  For information regarding permission to reproduce selected material herein, please contact:

D S S U  Research

C. R. C.
Niagara Falls, Canada

7th year on the Internet.
Most recent update: 2008 NOV

1121

 Glossary of Terms

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H   I   L  M  N  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W

  A

Absorption line: a more or less narrow range, of wavelengths in a spectrum, that is darker than neighbouring wavelengths. Absorption lines are seen in the analysis of light from stars.

Aether:  (1) The original ether:  In Aristotelian physics, the fifth element, the quintessence, of which the ‘heavens’ are made. In classical physics, the invisible medium that diffuses all space.
   (2) The historic:  The stuff that fills the apparent emptiness of the universe. Invented by René Descartes, Isaac Newton, and reinvented by many others, including James Clerk Maxwell who used it for his electromagnetic theory; but was discredited and discarded by Einstein. Aether was detected and verified in at least six separate experiments during the 20^th century.
   (3) The new:  In the New Cosmology (in the DSSU) aether-space is a dynamic medium consisting of quantum precursors —fundamental energy oscillators. As a basic space medium it serves as the propagator of electromagnetic waves. As a dynamic-space medium it manifests gravitation in its two observable forms.

Anisotropic:   the property of being different in certain directions.  See isotropy.

Anisotropy:  the observable difference between different directions.

Anti-gravity:   the ‘repulsive’ effect produced by the expansion of aether-space.

Antiparticles: are the by-products of collisions of particles in high energy interactions (e.g., near neutron stars and black holes) and often detected in cosmic rays.

Assimilation of space: by this process mass & energy are able to contract or consume space, thereby pulling-in surrounding space. In the context of the DSSU gravity theory, this is called primary gravity (since it leads to three secondary effects).

  B

Baryon: a massive elementary particle made up of three quarks. Neutrons and protons are baryons.

BB:  an expansionary model in which an explosion-like event initiated the universe.  Popularly known as the Big Bang.

BBI:  expansionary and inflationary model of the universe; a universe that has at least one episode of abnormally high rate of space expansion. (Generically, a universe which becomes diluted with too much space.)

Blackbody: an object with a constant temperature that absorbs all radiation that hits it.

Black hole:  (1) Conventionally: a collapsed gravitational mass. It has a gravitational field so intense that the escape velocity exceeds that of light. Consequently, in the case of a non rotating black hole, practically no radiation is emitted. In terms of general relativity, the space around a black hole reaches infinite curvature, and the interior tends to infinite density, thus making it a singularity.
   (2) DSSU basic black hole: a neutron or superneutron star for which the space flow entering its surface approaches the speed of light.
   (3) A SU-AN black hole: is a superneutron star with a collapsing core. At the core of a sufficiently massive black hole space and matter, exceed a certain maximum density (and temperature), and undergo a suppression-annihilation (SU-AN) process.

Bubble Universe:  used interchangeably with unit-universe, cosmic cell, and dodecahedral universe. They each refer to one of the cells of the Cellular Universe.

  C

CMB: Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, also CMBR, CBR and the “3 K blackbody radiation.”
   (1) In BB cosmology: Radiation left over from the hot Big Bang which has cooled by expansion to a temperature slightly less than 3 degrees above absolute zero.
   (2) In new cosmology: ultra distant starlight redshifted from 5800 K down to about 3 K.

Containment Principle: (1) In standard cosmology: the physical universe contains everything that is physical, and nothing else.
   (2) In the new cosmology: the universe contains everything that is physical, as well as quantum entities that fluctuate between the physical and the ethereal, and nothing else.

Contraction Field:  the spherical region, surrounding a mass body, in which space is contracted, in a process of self dissipation.

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR or CBR): A nearly uniform flux of microwave emission coming from all directions of the cosmos; with an intensity corresponding approximately to a black-body curve.
   (1) The 2.7 K temperature and anisotropic properties approximate those ‘predicted’ by the BB theory as having been generated by photons released from the big bang when the universe was less than one million years old.
   (2) In the new cosmology: the 2.7 K CBR is the radiation received from distant galaxies (emitting light at a peak intensity temperature of about 5800 K) after being redshifted by a z factor of 2000 during a journey of 123,000MLY.

Cosmic gravity: In the context of the DSSU cosmology, cosmic gravity is the acceleration of space flow in the cosmic voids where space motion is of a radially diverging pattern.  Cosmic gravity acts in that portion of the unified gravitational field where comoving trajectories (of objects) are diverging. It is the Lambda force/effect. See also normal gravity.

Cosmogony:  any theory of the origin of the universe or one of its component systems, such as star clusters, galaxies, and superclusters.

Cosmological Constant (denoted by the Greek letter Λ):
   (1) traditionally, the multiplicative constant for a term proportional to the metric in Einstein’s general relativity equation relating the curvature of space to energy-momentum. When positive it represents space expansion and potentially leads to an acceleration of the expansion of the universe.
   (2) In the new cosmology it represents the expansion of space, but has nothing to do with Universe expansion. That is, space expands, the Universe does not.

Cosmological Principle:  states that the universe, on the large scale, is homogeneous and isotropic; that is, uniform in all places and in all directions. Spatial homogeneity. See also perfect cosmological principle.

Cosmologist:  one who studies cosmology.

Cosmology: (1) the general science of the cosmos or material universe, its structures, its composition, and its laws. Combines astronomy, astrophysics, particle physics, and mathematics to assemble the knowledge into a world picture. (2) A particular cosmological theory. The DSSU theory is the new cosmology.

Cosmos (from the Greek word kosmos for order and beauty):  The Universe as an embodiment of a system of order and harmony.

Critical Density:  (1) In the BB model it is the matter/energy density of the universe at which the universe balances between continued expansion and re-collapse.
(2) In the DSSU it is the matter/energy density at which a defined region of space (the interface region) experiences a balance between space inflow (from the space expanding voids) and space contraction.

Curvature of Space:  refers to the mathematical representation of the real distortion of space or aether-space.  The 3 types of curvature: spherical, flat (Euclidean), and hyperbolic. 

  D

Dark Matter:  the exotic ingredient required by the BB model; a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or scatter any light. Its only interactions are gravitational. Has never been detected and remains elusive.

Declination (Dec.):  angular distance north or south of the celestial equator.

Deduction: process of reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from a given premise or premises, without the need for additional information.

Dodecahedron:  a twelve-sided ‘solid’ polyhedron. In a regular dodecahedron each side consists of a pentagon. The rhombic dodecahedron is irregular, but symmetrical, and has identical rhombus faces.

Doppler effect:  the change in the observed frequency (and wavelength) of an acoustic or electromagnetic wave due to relative motion of source and observer. Named after the 19th century physicist credited with its discovery.

DSSU:  Dynamic Steady State Universe.

DSSU Theory:  the cosmology theory that holds that aether-space is dynamic and that it expands and contracts regionally and equally resulting in a cosmic-scale cellularly-structured universe. It is defined by four fundamental processes which provide a rationally coherent account of the major phenomena of our Universe. 

  E

Electromagnetic force: one of the four forces of nature. Electromagnetic interactions hold electrons in atoms, hold atoms in molecules, and are important in all electronic devices.

Electroweak: a unified force that combines the electromagnetic and weak nuclear interactions. Predicted by Weinberg and Salam, experimentally verified by Rubbia and van der Meer.

Emission line: a more or less narrow range of wavelengths in a spectrum that is brighter than neighbouring wavelengths. Emission lines are seen in the light from certain astronomical objects such as quasars.

Energy: (1) the capacity to do work. (2) Manifestation of a particular kind of force.

Energy links:  are the hypothetical tenuous ‘connections’ joining the positive and negative energy poles of the precursors.

Entropy: is an increase in disorder, a trend towards thermal equilibrium. It represents a decrease in the useable forms of energy. For a closed or an isolated system, entropy is not conserved; it is increasing all the time.

(1)     In standard cosmology the source of low entropy is the expansion of the entire universe. While the entropy forever increases for the universe as a whole (or at least it is supposed to); this increase is incompatible with the BB accelerating universe and actually leads to a paradox.

(2)     In the new cosmology the Universe is not a closed system: the source of low entropy is the perpetual expansion of space, entropy increases in the usual manner, while entropy decreases in the SU-AN process. Each cosmic cell behaves somewhat as a subsystem.

Euclidean space:  space which is not curved (not distorted). Aether-space that is neither expanding nor contracting.

Escape velocity: the minimum velocity, with respect to the gravitating body, that will allow an object to escape from a gravitational ‘pull’ (or field).

Event horizon:  the ‘boundary’ of a singularity black hole, at which the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. Also see quasi event-horizon. 

  F

Flat space:  space which is not curved. Aether-space is neither expanding nor contracting.

Fundamental energy: the primitive-energy that comprises the fundamental fluctuations (or energy oscillators); the energy fluctuating between the virtual state and the real state in the form of discrete units called precursors; also, the energy that becomes locked into the real state when a pattern of precursors combine to form primitive stable particles. 

  G

Galactic cluster:  an open cluster of stars. Not the same thing as a cluster of galaxies.

GLY:  Giga-Lightyears.  Or billion Light Years.  But the term ‘billion’ is often avoided because of a potential confusion:  In Canada and the United States it means a thousand million (1,000,000,000); while in Britain and Germany it refers to a million million (1,000,000,000,000).

Grand Unification Theory (GUT):  a theory that unifies the electromagnetic force with the nuclear forces (weak, strong) into a single interaction. Several have been proposed, but none experimentally verified.

Gravitational lensing:  the creation of a distorted image of a distant galaxy or object when its light is focused by the gravity effect of a galaxy between it and the observer. In the DSSU gravitational lensing is caused by the space contracting field surrounding the particular intervening galaxy.

Gravity: the effect that causes the acceleration of all entities towards the center of mass, and is proportional to 1/r squared.
(1)  In general relativity it is the effect of the curvature distortion of spacetime.
(2)  In DSSU cosmology it is the effect of the dynamics of aether-space —specifically the accelerated flow or inhomogeneous inflow of aether-space towards, and into, matter.

Gravity, DSSU theory of: (1) Gravitation is the effect produced by the acceleration of aether-space itself towards the center of mass. (2) Gravity is caused primarily by the direct assimilation of aether-space by matter. By this process of assimilation, matter acts upon space —pulling-in the surrounding space. (3) Gravity is caused secondarily by the contraction of space within a surrounding space contraction field —a region where space self-dissipates and literally disappears. The intensity of contraction has an inverse relationship to radial distance. (4) A unique feature of DSSU gravity is the presence of a distinct zero-gravity point —at each cosmic void center. (5) The expansion of space in each cosmic void also produces a radial acceleration of aether-space and is, therefore, a cosmic-gravity effect. This is simply the outwardly-directed effect generically called the Lambda force or effect (comparable to the DeSitter effect). (6) Now, combine the normal contractile-gravity (described by (1), (2) & (3)) with the cosmic-gravity (described by (4) & (5)) and remarkably the DSSU theory of gravity becomes nothing less than a unified theory of gravity. 

  H

Higgs Boson, Higgs Field:  in conventional physics, a hypothetical subatomic force particle which bestows the property of mass to other particles; and the related force field.

Homogeneity:  components of the universe are evenly distributed within the universe on the large scale.

Hubble constant:  (1) In expanding-universe cosmology it is H_o —the rate at which the recession velocity of galaxies increases with distance. The present value is roughly 20 km/s per million lightyears of distance, but its value varies with the age of the BB universe.
   (2) In the DSSU H is the parameter that measures the rate of space expansion and is expressed as the speed with which two comoving points, 1 million lightyears apart, are being separated by the manifestation of new space. The value is about 20 km/s per MLY, but varies with the location within the cellular structure of the universe.

Hubble's law (only in BB cosmology):  (recession velocity) = (Hubble constant) x distance.

   By this law all galaxies are said to be moving apart from each other at an average rate of about 20 km/s per million lightyears of distance between them (or 50km/s per megaparsec).

The Hubble length, L: (only for expanding-universe models) is defined as the distance at which the recession velocity equals light speed. The distance has the quantitative expression c/H, in which c = 3.00x10⁵ km/s and H » 18.6 km/s per MLY, and equals 16,100 million lightyears.
   The new cosmology does not recognize recession velocities and, therefore, does not have a Hubble length, or a Hubble sphere. Implicitly and explicitly nothing whatsoever is receding on the large scale.

The Hubble sphere: in expanding-universe models, an imaginary sphere centered on the observer and having a radius equal to the Hubble length, L.

Hyperbolic space:  is the geometric term (related to the negative curvature of space) used to describe a region of dynamically expanding aether-space.

Hot Big Bang:  a mythological creation model of the universe which begins at ‘infinitely’ high density and temperature, expands explosively, and cools to become like the Universe we observe now. 

  I

Inflationary scenario:  one of the save-the-appearance modifications of the BB model in which a large cosmological constant exists, temporarily, early in the history of the BB, leading to a rapid accelerating expansion of the universe, which is then followed by the normal BB model with a decelerating expansion.  In 1998 the inflationary scenario was again invoked in a further ‘modification’ made necessary by the unexpected reappearance of universe-wide acceleration.

Interface:  the region between unit-universes (cosmic cells) where expanding space and comoving material collide.

Inflationary universe model: a modification of the big bang model; postulates that the early universe experienced a brief period of extremely fast (exponential) expansion.

Isotropy:  the property of being the same in all directions. 

  L

Lambda force, +Λ: it is considered in conventional astrophysics as the 5^th force of nature. It is often described as being a kind of antigravity, but its cause is unknown. This 5^th force is the property of the vacuum or ether which, in an amazing coincidence, the Greek philosopher Aristotle called the 5^th element.
   In the new cosmology:
   (1) it is the force/effect that appears in the cosmic voids; and is caused (in part) by the fact that the space across each unit-universe is under tension. The positive Λ force is responsible for all large scale motion and subsequent angular momentum.
   (2) it is the negative pressure present in the interior of each unit-universe. Note carefully that the positive Lambda force/effect and negative pressure and tension are all equivalent.

Lightyear:  a measure of astronomical distance.   1 lightyear = 9.46x10¹² km.

Linear galaxy cluster: is the filamentous aggregation of galaxies that exists at any triple boundary region where three unit-universes meet each other. Along the ‘meeting line’ galaxy structures, from three neighbouring cells, aggregate to form a concentration that extends from one node to another. Most often a linear cluster is observed as a branching arm of a nodal galaxy cluster.

Links:  See energy links.

Luminosity: the intrinsic brightness of a star. 

  M

Mach’s Principle: states that inertial mass and all inertial forces are due to the existence and distribution of all the matter in the universe.

Magnitude: a scale used by astronomers to measure flux; the apparent brightness of a celestial body, expressed on a scale in which lower numbers mean greater brightness.

Materialism: belief that material objects and their interactions constitute the complete reality of all phenomena. The DSSU is a material universe, although it greatly depends on how the term material is defined.

Milky Way accretion disk: in the new cosmology the familiar Milky Way can be referred to as the greater accretion disk of the millions of supernutron stars which, in aggregation, form our rotating galactic core.

Milky Way density: average density is one hydrogen atom per cubic cm. The Milky Way’s total mass is 10¹²¤ (i.e., 10¹² times the mass of our Sun) according to most textbooks.

MLY:  Mega lightyears or million lightyears; a measure of cosmic distance. 

  N

NGP: North Galactic Pole.  The Milky Way’s North Galactic Polar axis points towards the Coma nodal galaxy cluster.

Nodal galaxy cluster: the multi-branched galaxy aggregation that occurs at each vertex of the rhombic or trapezoidal dodecahedron unit-universe.

Nodal structure: the immense matter concentrations at the unit-universe vertices. There are basically two types: the tripodal and the quadrapodal structures. There are also hypothetical supernode structures. The types are characterized by the number of ‘arms’ (linear clusters) that meet at a vertex.

Normal gravity: in the context of DSSU cosmology, normal gravity is the acceleration of space flow towards mass bodies (where local space-flow converges). On the larger scale, normal gravity acts in that portion of each cosmic-scale unified field where comoving trajectories (of objects) are converging. It is the normal gravity of our everyday experience. See also cosmic gravity, and unified gravitational field. 

  P

Parsec:   astronomical unit of distance, corresponding to a parallax of one arc-second, equal to 3.26 lightyears or 3.085678x10¹³ kilometers.

Perfect Cosmological Principle:  states that the universe, on the large scale, is uniform both in time and in space; an extension of the cosmological principle. The DSSU conforms to the perfect cosmological principle.

Platonic Solids: the five regular polyhedrons —the tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron —esteemed by Plato and the Pythagoreans as embodying aesthetic and rational ideals.

Precursors:  (1) quantum units of fundamental energy fluctuations (energy oscillators);
                    (2) the ultimate units of aether-space (and existence itself);
                    (3) the primitives of real particles.

Proper motion: motion of a body through space; same as intrinsic motion. 

  Q

Quantum space: the quantization of aether-space. In the DSSU quantum aether-space consists of virtual-real pulsating precursors. (Often used to describe the ‘vacuum’ with its potential to produce real particles.)

Quasi event-horizon: of a superneutron star (SNS) is where the normal-to-surface velocity component of the space inflow approaches c; or equivalently, where the theoretical escape velocity approaches c. In DSSU theory this horizon coincides with the surface of the SNS.
   Also applies to a region of space, such as the region enclosing the core of a galaxy, where the radially inward space flow reaches 1/2 the speed of light. 

  R

Redshift (z): is defined as the displacement towards the longer wavelengths of all the spectral lines in light coming from the stars of distant galaxies; expressed as a fraction of the original wavelength itself. The ratio Dlù(l source), where l is the wavelength.
   The cause of the redshift, in both BB and DSSU cosmology, is primarily the expansion of space. The redshift is used, by both, as a prized measure for determining cosmic distance. However, in BB cosmology (unlike DSSU cosmology) the redshift is interpreted as the evidence of actual receding velocity and even as evidence of the expansion of the whole universe.

Redshift-distance relation: the correlation between redshift in the spectra of galaxies and their distances. The equation used depends on the particular cosmological model. The BB model and the DSSU use distinctly different formulae.

Relativity, general theory of: Einstein’s mathematical theory, incorporating the gravitational effect, in which space and time are geometrized.

Relativity, special theory of: Einstein’s theory of the electrodynamics of moving frames of reference.

Rhombus: a parallelogram with all sides of equal length.

Right Ascension (R. A.):  the astronomer’s equivalent of longitude —longitudinal position lines projected onto the celestial sphere— which divides the celestial sphere in 24 slices, each 15 degrees wide. 

  S

Schwarzschild radius: (1) In conventional cosmology: it is that theoretical distance from the center of a mass object for which the escape speed (with respect to the surface) equals the speed of light. It can be calculated for any amount of mass, without reference to relativity, using the expression R_S=2GM/c². The Schwarzschild radius depends only on the quantity of mass (assuming no rotation). If different bodies could be compressed to within their Schwarzschild radius they would not necessarily have the same density.

(2) New cosmology: The Schwarzschild radius is that theoretical spherical size of a mass object for which the speed of (radially) inflowing space approaches, but never reaches, the speed of light. It is calculated the same way as above. It has physical meaning (a physical reality) only if it is less than the radius of the actual material surface. According to Einstein’s famous 1939 paper the Schwarzschild radius can never be external to the structure. It means, unequivocally, that no object can be equal-to or smaller than its Schwarzschild radius. (See also Black holes)

Singularity: a concept in standard cosmology used to describe a point region of infinite density —a point-region where standard theories break down. Singularities do not exist in DSSU theory.

SNS: is a superneutron star. A star with neutron density or greater; and having inflowing space that approaches the speed of light.
SNS black hole: a superneutron star with an active SU-AN core.

Space:  the infinite region of virtual-real quantum foam. Simply called the aether.

Space contraction postulate:  All matter contracts aether-space, (1) directly through a process of assimilation or direct absorption and, (2) indirectly through the surrounding space contraction field.

The Space contraction postulate may also be called the mass-gravitation postulate:

1. Direct absorption or assimilation of aether-space is the primary cause of gravitation.
2. Indirect contraction by means of space contraction fields is the secondary cause of gravity. (Comparatively, the quantity of indirectly contracted space is most substantial).

Together they produce the property of mass as well as the effect of gravity.

Space dynamics:  The expansion and contraction aspects of aether-space along with space flow constitute a complete conceptual description of the total reality of space dynamics of the Universe. (Notice that we say space dynamics of the Universe —not in the Universe. Physical space, as herein defined, is the essence of the Universe.)

Space expansion parameter:  an empirically derived value, symbolized by H, which measures the rate of space expansion (and, in BB cosmology, is called the Hubble constant). The research into the DSSU often uses a value of 18.6 km/sec per million lightyears of distance.

Special relativity (Einstein): (1) Principle of relativity: the impossibility of detecting uniform (inertial) motion by laboratory experiments. No preferred frame-of-reference. (2) Constancy of the speed of light: light is always propagated in empty space with a velocity independent of the motion of the source.

Special relativity (DSSU): (1) Aether-space serves as the preferred frame-of-reference. It is possible to measure motion relative to absolute space. (2) Constancy of the speed of light: light is always propagated in aether-space with a velocity independent of the motion of the source.

Spectrometer: spreads starlight, or any other light source, into its different wavelengths.

Speed of Light:  c = 3.00 x 10⁸ meters/second through aether-space.

Spherical Space:  is the positive curvature of space caused by the contraction of space by a mass body.

Star clusters: gravitationally bound aggregation of stars, smaller and less massive than galaxies. The largest star clusters are known as ‘globular’ clusters and harbour hundreds of thousands to millions of stars; while the smaller ones are called ‘open’ clusters.

Static surface: the static surface of infinite redshift (for a distant observer) is a boundary, surrounding a spinning SNS (black hole), where space flow actually reaches the speed of light. It is like a larger second ‘surface’ enclosing a rotating SNS and should not be confused with a true event horizon nor a quasi event-horizon.

Steady State Expanding Universe: a model of the expanding universe with constant density and physical properties. Matter must be continually created to maintain the constant density.

Steady State Non-Expanding Universe: an infinite universe with constant density on the largest scale and constant physical processes and properties. Matter is continually being formed and annihilated. Space itself is continually being formed and annihilated.

String Theory: holds that subatomic particles, instead of being mere points, actually have extension along one axis, and that their properties are determined by the arrangement and vibration of so called strings.

Strong nuclear force: one of the four forces of nature. The strong nuclear force holds the particles in the nucleus of atoms together.

Supernova Type 1A: is the explosion of a white dwarf star in a binary system. Accretion from a companion raises the mass above the maximum mass for gravitationally stable white dwarfs. The quantity of matter reaches the Chandrasekhar limit and the white dwarf starts to collapse. However, the ensuing compression ignites explosive carbon-burning leading to a total disruption of the star. The light output comes primarily from the energy produced by the decay of radioactive nickel and cobalt produced in the explosion. The peak luminosity is correlated with the rate of decay in the measured light-curve: less luminous supernovae decay more quickly than do more luminous supernovae. When the necessary correction is applied, the relative luminosity of a Type 1A SN can be determined to within 20% accuracy. [Wright, Edward The ABC’s of Distance www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/distance.htm] Type 1A supernovae are bright enough to be seen to such great distances that they can be, and are, used to calibrate the cosmic redshift-distance law. 

  T

Theory: a rational self-consistent account of a wider range of phenomena than is ordinarily accounted for by a hypothesis.

Trapezoid: a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides. 

  U

Unified gravitation field (of the DSSU):  describes the dynamic space of a cosmic region having a nodal galaxy cluster as its central mass, surrounded by normal gravity (contractile space), which is in turn surrounded by cosmic gravity (expansionary space). It is called ‘unified’ because each field consists of both normal gravity with its inward converging trajectories, as well as cosmic gravity with its inward diverging trajectories. As dictated by the unit-universe geometry, the unified fields are bounded and exist in mainly two shapes: tetrahedral and octahedral.

Unified theory: in general, a theory that gathers a wide range of fundamentally different phenomena under a single precept.

Unit dodecahedral universe:  one of the names given to the largest structure of the dynamic steady state universe (DSSU). Also known as unit-universe, bubble universe, and cosmic cell.

Universality:  the property that the same physical laws apply throughout the infinite universe.

UQEP:   unified quantum energy particle. A hypothetical first level real particle. 

  V

Vacuum energy density:  Quantum theory requires empty space to be filled with particles and antiparticles being continually created and annihilated. This leads to a net density of the ‘vacuum’ and behaves like a cosmological constant. As attractive as this concept sounds, it does not seem to be necessary in the DSSU. In DSSU space (in the void regions) there is a negative pressure (the tension that exists across a unit-universe) which stretches space. This negative pressure, in the act of expanding space, behaves like a cosmological constant.

Velocity, intrinsic: In DSSU cosmology the intrinsic velocity of a galaxy or object is the velocity relative to the local space.

Virtual quantum foam:  (also virtual foam) a microscopic description of space, consisting of virtual-real quantum precursors or fundamental fluctuations. 

  W

Weak nuclear force: one of the four forces of nature. The weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactive decay as well as the fusion reactions in the Sun that provide heat and light for the Earth.

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