Table of Contents:

1. Where, conceptually, did DSSU theory originate?
2. Why does space expand?
3. If cosmic space is expanding, what is it expanding into?
4. What is the significance of the polygon icon pictured prominently in the Website header?
5. What is the difference between the vacuum and the void?
6. What is the difference between the Hubble constant, H, used in the DSSU theory and the one used in Big Bang theory?
7. What does a  redshift with a value approaching infinity mean in the DSSU?
8. Why do astronomers speak of ‘Doppler equations’ and ‘recession motion’ in connection to cosmic distance?
9. Since there is a process of matter creation in the DSSU, doesn't this represent a violation of the sacred conservation of energy rule? And hence invalidate the theory?
10. Why is dark matter unnecessary for holding a cluster of galaxies together?
11. Question?

Where, conceptually, did DSSU theory originate ?

    Historically the key concept --the idea that space expands-- can be traced back to the De Sitter  expanding universe of 1917 and the Einstein static-but-unstable universe also of 1917. It was Einstein's general theory of relativity, published just a year earlier, that ascribed space with its dynamic qualities --the ability to expand and contract. The progression of ideas weaves through much of the 20th century. The addition of two missing components is detailed in the DSSU Manuscript. All the conceptual pieces, primarily the four Postulates, were linked together in the month of August in the year 2001.
    The name --Dynamic Steady State Universe-- was carefully chosen to reflect the fact that space is Dynamic (it expands in some regions AND contracts in others) while the greater Universe is highly stable. Furthermore, all its processes are perpetually in a Steady State mode.

A:  Without elaboration, space expands when it is under tension. Space expands, meaning that new space forms, when mass concentrations pull on it from opposite directions. The effect occurs on the unit-universe scale; that is, it acts across (or within) each and every unit-universe cell.

Science journalist Timothy Ferris in his book The Whole Shebang [1997, Simon & Schuster. p67] asks if cosmic space is expanding, what is it expanding into?

A:  Space is expanding into an enveloping cell boundary. Space is expanding into space-contracting fields that surround all mass and energy bodies. It is truly one of the most remarkable aspects of DSSU theory —and evidently supported by the research of Professor Reginald T. Cahill of Flinders University in Australia.

A:  It is called the Brahmanda cell of the DSSU.

     The word for universe in Sanskrit is “Brahmanda” which is made by joining the words “Brahma” and “Anda.”  Brahma is derived from root “Briha” meaning to expand and “Anda” meaning egg.  Thus “Brahmanda” means expanding egg. [source: Hindu Cosmology & Ancient Science]  The Brahmanda cell vividly identifies with the space-expanding unit-universe of DSSU theory. It represents the cosmic cells observed by astronomers --each cell a 300-million-lightyear-diameter void enveloped by a "shell" of galaxy clusters.
    The why and wherefore of the shape of the Brahmanda cell is explained in chapter 1 of the Manuscript.

A:  As a term used to express the emptiness of a region the vacuum and the void are interchangeable.  More specifically, a vacuum (especially an ideal vacuum) refers to the absence of any gaseous atoms or molecules in a region of space. The meaning of void goes further. The void refers to the absence of everything conceivable; it represents complete nothingness. No air, no aether, no entities of any sort. No need to concern ourselves, though; this kind of void does not exist. Descartes had it right when he wrote that it is contrary to reason to say that there is a space in which there is absolutely nothing. As for the vacuum, he argued that it does not exclude all entities. [Ed. Margaret D. Wilson, The Essential Descartes, 1969 Mentor p342]
   Consider also the nuance of meaning when it comes to specialized jargon: In the field of astronomy the void refers to the relatively empty region of the interior of the cosmic cells of the Universe. In astrophysics and philosophy the void refers to complete nothingness.

A:   In the DSSU theory H serves as the space expansion constant and denotes the speed with which each of the three dimensions increase in length per million lightyears (or per megaparsec) of length. Here’s a visualization for the mind’s eye: A space cube having sides of a million lightyears will continually expand its dimensions by about 18.5km/sec.
   In Big Bang cosmology H serves the same purpose. However, there is an important difference. Expressed as H₀, pronounced “H-nought,” it also denotes the rate at which the ENTIRE Big Bang universe is expanding.
   Both are named after Edwin Hubble the man who popularized the findings that higher redshifts relate to greater distance of galaxies.

A:  Theoretically, a galaxy (say a node galaxy) whose redshift approaches infinity signifies a galaxy whose distance from us is near infinity.

A:  There is really no good reason other than vestigial --what once was a historical habit has become a quirk of specialized jargon. When astronomers use these Doppler equations or refer to recession velocities they are fully aware (at least the vast majority are) that it is the space expansion of intergalactic space that is causing the redshifting of light and not galactic Doppler motion through space.

A:  In terrestrial physics the conservation of energy law is accepted as being valid. It means that matter is neither created nor destroyed; and of course, when we speak of matter, the term includes both normal energy  and frozen energy (commonly called mass).
   In astrophysics, however, things are not as constricted. The creation ('formation' is the more accurate term) of matter-and-energy is permitted ---in fact it is essential. You simply can't have a universe without it. Practically all theorists use the concept of matter creation. The subject of serious debate is not IF matter is being created but rather HOW. The vast majority believe that it was created all at once long long ago in some spectacular big bang scenario. A minority of theorists, on the other hand, believe that matter formation takes place continuously in a sedate steady state universe.
   Understanding the essential ingredient of matter formation/creation to any functional theory of the universe means that the various Big Bang models, the historic Steady State models, as well as the Cellular Universe, cannot be reasonably rejected on the grounds that they violate the conservation-of-energy law.
   But the Cellular Model clearly has the advantage. Although the DSSU has a process of matter formation/creation, amazingly it does not, in principle, violate the energy conservation rule? No net energy is created or destroyed.

Academic physicists claim there must be much more gravity holding the clusters together than could be produced by the visible stars and gas. They invoke the existence of mysterious invisible dark matter which they claim adds to the gravitational mass of the cluster. Although it has never been detected it is supposed to increase the gravity of the cluster. What they fail to realize is that gravity and Lambda are NOT forces in opposition. They have failed to grasp the fundamental fact that in addition to normal gravity pulling the galaxies (of the cluster) together, the cosmic gravity, commonly called Lambda, is also pushing the cluster together. Every cluster is surrounded by voids. The voids are where Lambda dominates. In the context of a cellularly structured universe gravity and Lambda are both active in maintaining galaxy cluster cohesion. Dark matter is simply not needed.

Bottom line: The equations used to model the dynamic behavior of galaxy clusters are wrong.

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